In 2023 and 2024 I have been digging at Red Bank National Park's Fort Mercer, directly across the Delaware River from Fort Mifflin. I tend to not think too much about the history of the site when I'm on an archaeological dig. Instead, I am living in the moment, following the protocols of the dig site, getting excited about the finds, and just having fun. It is not until later when I have a chance to step back and understand the history, and how these finds are connected to the greater picture. Sometimes the finds confirm the narrative. Sometimes it uncovers something completely unexpected.
Earlier in the week when I automatically turned NPR on in my car, I hear the familiar voices of Jen and Wade talking about Fort Mercer. It was a treat listening to 250 year old history unfold as I drove to Planet Fitness. All felt right with the world.
I had already planned to drive to Mullica Hills Library to hear Jen talk about the history of Red Bank. Jen's day job is a college professor. She gave her presentation with the confidence of someone who captures the attention of teenagers and young adults. She spoke to the silent, mostly geriatric standing room only crowd as if she was giving a TED Talk on a topic she knew as well as she knows her own. Perhaps better.
The stories from Red Bank were divided into four parts:
- Pacifists
- Erasures
- Lost Mass Burial
- Violence Recorded
As Jen was speaking, I had flashbacks to her sharing these stories with me either in 2023 or 2024. The words were not new to me. What was new was that I brought a pen and my notebook and took notes. Someone asked me if I was with the local paper. A common question when I'm taking notes.Part one: Pacifists
The site was owned by the Whitall Family. Conservative Quakers and, therefore, pacifists, they were not at all pleased to learn their bucolic farm overlooking the Delaware River was being commandeered for the Revolutionary War. Jen did a much better job describing the scene. How the site was self sufficient for the family, including their nine children, and dozen indentured servants when in the spring of 1777 their property was seized.
Soldiers cut down their fruit trees and took whatever they wanted. All the Whitalls wanted was to lay low and wait the war out unscathed. In September 1777 Philadelphia fell to the British and the Whitall property was ideally located to fight them.
The Battle of Fort Mercer took place on October 22, 1777. It was over in 45 minutes, and killed 110 Hessian soldiers. It was chaos. The home was turned into a field hospital. Everything the family built was destroyed over a war they were doing their best to hide from.
I can't imagine how they felt, how they survived.
On October 22, 1777 the war came to their property. The battle lasted a mere 45 minutes, killing 110 Hessians and a few Patriots. Hundreds more were inured. Whitall House became a field hospital.
Part two: Erasure
To me this it the most fascinating part of the story. As the famous line in Hamilton goes, "who lives, who dies, who tells your story." In the 1840s and 1850s there is a move to reimagine the Battle of Fort Mercer. The wife, Ann Cooper Whitall is rumored to have stayed behind to tend to the wounded.
The more frustrating part of the history that was whitewashed was that the Black soldiers who fought for the Patriots were forgotten. The second and third Rhode Island regiments were fully integrated -- a rarity for the era. After fighting in Red Bank, they marched to Valley Forge where General George Washington segregate them. Their participation was all but forgotten.
William Cooper Nell, a prominent African-American journalist and abolitionist, said in his 1855 book The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution that "people are forgetting our history." In 1861 to celebrate Emancipation Day in Great Britain (which happened in 1834--decades before it happened in 1862 in the United States), the famous African-American congregation of Mother Bethel AME Church in Philadelphia organized a group outing to Red Bank. In that time period people were romanticizing the Revolutionary War and were visiting the sites of battles. This battle was part of what Dr. Jen referred to as vernacular history. a term I hope to use more often. The church brought their children to Red Bank to "celebrate colored American patriotic achievements."
She used two other phrases I noted, but did not define: mobilization of memory and memory as resistance.
Red Bank Battlefield Park was a mess when the Sons of the American Revolution, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), and the Gloucester County Historical Society banded together to form it on land given by the State of New Jersey in 1906. This was the start of the Gloucester Parks Commission.
In 1905 Eugene Gregory write an op ed excited that this new park would finally be able to tell the story of the Black soldiers. He wrote a letter to the governor of New Jersey. In June 1906 the park was dedicated without a word about the Black soldiers. A Hessian, Col. Carl Ulrich von Donop, was mentioned on a plaque, but not the forgotten soldiers.
In 1927 a new display was created honoring the 150th anniversary of the battle. Charles Lindbergh flew over the event. One of the best finds was a small toy plane found during a dig. I think my find of a hand holding a flag (which is not necessarily from this day) is the best find, but I am partial.Frank Stewart wrote THE official guidebook of The History of the Battle of Red Bank in 1927. It was still considered the most authoritative guide until the 1990's. In it he said of the rumors that African-Americans served at the Battle of Red Bank, they were "swarthy-complected Frenchmen." Whatever that means.
Another find from the archaeological site was a pin found with the words Patriotic Order of the Sons of the American Revolution. Whitewashing. The only Patriots were white and male. The 1920s were a dicey time in Red Bank history, the KKK was active in nearby Woodbury.
Part three: Mass Hessian Burial
My friend, Dan, was there when the Hessians were found. As Jen has repeatedly said, she never would have invited the public if they had any idea they would find dead bodies. As is the case on most dig sites (at least anecdotally), the best finds happen in the last hour of the last day. I'll spare the details of what they found. Just imagine a battle and imagine the other side did the cleaning up. The state forensic archaeologists were brought in to make sure they were old bones (finding a musket ball lodged in a leg bone was the big clue it was old). Some DNA samples were taken, but no direct ancestors have have located (at least not yet).
Part four: Evidence Recorded
John Burlingame recorded the battle on one side of a powder horn. It was hidden in plain sight for many years as he recorded a scene from Valley Forge on the other side of the powder horn. That side was on display at Valley Forge. It is currently part of a private collection. Picture at the end of this post.
Click HERE to register to hear Jen's talk via Zoom at the Genealogical Society of New Jersey.
A couple of exciting things are happening this summer at Red Bank.
Public archaeology is back! Register HERE. The powder horn will be making a one day appearance at Red Bank on June 24th. Visit their website for more details.
New signage is coming this fall which will talk about the role of Black soldiers, and identifying Red Bank as a part of New Jersey's Black Heritage Trail.
* Mistakes in this post are due to my poor note taking and not Jen's research skills.